THE WAHHABITE PERSECUTION
IN MECCA
39 - Although the
rascals also attacked Mecca after shedding much Muslim blood in Ta'if,
they did not dare to go into the city because it was the time for pilgrimage.
Sharif Ghalib Effendi was in Jidda to raise an army to resist the Wahhabis,
and the people of Mecca, frightened by the Ta'if calamity, sent a committee
to the Wahhabite commander and begged him not to torture them. The Wahhabis
entered Mecca in Muharram 1218 A.H. (1803) and disseminated their beliefs.
They announced that they would kill those who would visit graves or go
to Medina to entreat in front of Rasulullah's shrine. Fourteen days later,
they assaulted upon Jidda to capture Sharif Ghalib Effendi, who straightforwardly
attacked the Wahhabite bandits from the Jidda fortress and killed most
of them. The remainder fled to Mecca. Upon the Meccans begging, they appointed
Sharif Ghalib Effendi's brother Sharif 'Abd al-Muin Effendi as the amir
of Mecca and went back to Dar'iyya. Sharif 'Abd al-Muin Effendi accepted
being the amir in order to protect the Meccans from being tortured by the
Wahhabis.
Sharif Ghalib Effendi
returned to Mecca with the Jiddan soldiers and the governor of Jidda, Sharif
Pasha, thirty-eight days after the bandits were defeated in Jidda. They
drove away the bandits left in Mecca, and he became the amir again. The
bandits attacked the villages around Ta'if and killed many people to take
revenge on the Meccans. They appointed the bandit 'Uthman al-Mudayiqi as
the governor of Ta'if. 'Uthman called together all the bandits around Mecca
and laid siege to the city with a big gang of looters in 1220 (1805). The
Meccan Muslims suffered distress and hunger for months, and there was not
even left a dog to eat on the last days of the siege. Sharif Ghalib Effendi
understood that there was no other way out but to enter into a treaty with
the enemy in order to save citizens' lives. He surrendered the city under
the condition that he should be left as the amir of the city and that the
Muslims' lives and possessions should be safe.
The bandits captured
Medina after Mecca and plundered the most valuable historical treasures
of the world, which had been collected in the Khazinat an-Nabawiyya (the
Prophetic Treasure) for over a millennium. They treated the Muslims in
so rude a manner that it is impossible to put into words. Then, they went
back to Dar'iyya after appointing somebody named Mubarak ibn Maghyan as
the governor of the city. They stayed in Mecca and Medina and did not let
the pilgrims of Ahl as-Sunnat into Mecca for seven years. They covered
the Kaba with two sheets of black cloth called Qailan. They forbade smoking
the hookah and badly cudgeled those who smoked it. Meccans and Medinans
disliked and kept away from them.
Ayyub Sabree Pasha
(rahimah-Allahu ta'ala) reported in the first volume of his book Mirat
al-Haramain, which was published in 1301 A.H. (1883), the tortures inflicted
upon the Meccan Muslims as follows:
"The tortures done
to the Muslims in the blessed city of Mecca and to the pilgrims every year
were so heavy that it is very difficult to describe in detail.
"The chief of the
bandits, Sa'ud, frequently sent letters of threat to the amir of the Meccans,
Sharif Ghalib Effendi. Although Sa'ud had laid siege to Mecca several times,
he had not been able to penetrate into the city until 1218 (1802). Sharif
Ghalib Effendi, with the governor of Jidda, assembled the leaders of the
pilgrim caravans from Damascus and Egypt in 1217 and told them that the
bandits intended to attack the blessed city of Mecca, and that if they
would help him they altogether could capture Sa'ud, their chief. But his
proposal was not accepted. Then, Sharif Ghalib Effendi appointed his brother
Sharif 'Abd al-Muin Effendi as his deputy and went to Jidda. Sharif' Abd
al-Muin Effendi, as the amir of Mecca, sent five scholars of Ahl as-Sunnat,
namely Muhammad Tahir, Sayyid Muhammad Abu Bakr, Mir Ghani, Sayyid Muhammad
'Akkas and 'Abd al-Hafiz al-'AJami, as a committee of goodwill and forgiveness
to Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz in 1218.
"Sa'ud responded
and went to Mecca with his soldiers. He appointed 'Abd al-Muin as the head
official of the district and ordered that all shrines and graves should
be demolished, because, in view of the Wahhabis, the people of Mecca and
Medina were not worshiping Allahu ta'ala, but shrines. They said that they
would be worshiping Allah in its true form if shrines and graves were demolished.
According to Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, all the Muslims had died as disbelievers
or polytheists since 500 A.H. (1106); the true Islam was revealed to him,
and it was not permissible to bury those who became Wahhabis near the graves
of polytheists, by which he referred to the real Muslims.
"Sa'ud attacked Jidda
to seize Sharif Ghalib Effendi (rahmat-Allahu 'alaih) and capture Jidda.
But, the people of Jidda, hand in hand with the Ottoman soldiers, bravely
defeated the enemies and put Sa'ud's soldiers to flight. Sa'ud, gathering
those fleeing, returned to Mecca.
"Although Sharif
'Abd al-Muin Effendi (rahmat-Allahi 'alaih) tried to be friendly with the
Wahhabis in order to protect the Meccan Muslims against massacre and torture,
the ferocious Wahhabis increased the severity of torture and pillage day
by day. Seeing it was impossible to get along with them in peace, he sent
a message to Sharif Ghalib Effendi saying that Sa'ud was in Mecca with
his soldiers encamped at the Mu'alla Square and that it would be possible
to capture Sa'ud if he assaulted them with a small number of soldiers.
"Upon the message,
Sharif Ghalib Effendi took some distinguished soldiers with the governor
of Jidda, Sharif Pasha, and attacked the Wahhabis in Mecca at nighttime.
He encircled their tents, but Sa'ud fled alive. His soldiers said that
they would surrender their arms if they would be forgiven, and their wish
was accepted. Thus the blessed city of Mecca was saved from those cruel
people. This success frightened the Wahhabis in Ta'if, who also surrendered
without any bloodshed. The cruel 'Uthman al-Mudayiqi fled to the mountains
in Yaman with his men. Seeing that those who were driven out of Mecca had
started robbing villagers and tribesmen in the countryside, Sharif Ghalib
Effendi sent messengers to the Bani Saqif tribe and ordered, 'Go to Ta'if
and raid the Wahhabis! Take for yourself whatever you capture!' The Bani
Saqif tribe attacked Ta'if to take revenge on the looters, and thus Ta'if
was saved, too.
" 'Uthman al-Mudayiqi
gathered the ignorant, savage villagers of the Yaman Mountains and, with
the Wahhabis he met on his way, laid siege to Mecca. Meccans suffered severely
in the city for three months. Sharif Ghalib Effendi failed in his attempts
to sally out against the besiegers, although he tried ten times. The food
stocks vanished. The price of bread went up to five rials and butter to
six rials per oke (2.8 lb), but later no one sold anything. Muslims had
to eat cats and dogs, which later could not be found. They had to eat grass
and leaves. When there was nothing left to eat, the city of Mecca was surrendered
to Sa'ud on the condition that he should not torture or kill the people.
Sharif Ghalib Effendi was not faulty in this event, but he would not have
fallen into this situation if he had called for aid from the allying tribes
before. In fact, Meccans had begged Sharif Ghalib Effendi, 'We can go on
resisting till the time of pilgrimage if you obtain help from the tribes
who love us, and we can defeat them when the Egyptian and Damascene pilgrims
come.' Sharif Ghalib Effendi had said, 'I could have done it before, but
it is impossible now,' confessing his former mistake. He did not want to
surrender, either, but the Meccans said, 'Oh Amir! Your blessed ancestor
Rasulullah (sall-Allahu ta'ala 'alaihi wa sallam), too, made agreement
with his enemies. You, too, please agree with the enemy and relieve us
of this trouble. You will be following our master Rasulullah's sunnat by
doing so. Because, Rasulullah had sent Hadrat 'Uthman [from Khudaibiya]
to the Quraish tribe in Mecca to make an agreement.' Sharif Ghalib Effendi
distracted people from this idea of surrender until the last moment and
did not go into an agreement. He yielded to the constraint of a man of
religious duty named 'Abd ar-Rahman when the people could not endure the
difficulty any longer. It was very intelligent of Sharif Ghalib Effendi
to have listened to 'Abd ar-Rahman and to use him as a mediator in preventing
Sa'ud from torturing the Muslims. He also won the favor of Meccans and
soldiers by saying, 'I yielded to make an agreement unwillingly; I was
planning to wait till the time for pilgrimage.'
"After the capitulation,
Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz entered Mecca. He covered the Magnificent Kaba
with coarse felt. He dismissed Sharif Ghalib Effendi (rahmat-Allahi 'alaih).
He attacked here and there like a pharaoh and tortured the people in an
inconceivable way. Because no help had come from the Ottomans, Sharif Ghalib
Effendi was offended. He disseminated the hearsay that the reason for the
surrender of Mecca was due to the slackness of the Ottoman government,
and he incited Sa'ud not to let the Egyptian and Damascene pilgrims into
Mecca in order to provoke the Ottomans to start action against the Wahhabis.
"This behavior of
Sharif Ghalib Effendi made Sa'ud get more ferocious, and he increased the
torture. He tortured and killed most of the 'ulama' of Ahl as-Sunnat and
prominent and rich people of Mecca. He threatened those who did not announce
that they were Wahhabis. His men shouted, 'Accept Sa'ud's religion! Shelter
under his vast shadow!' in markets, bazars and streets. He forced Muslims
to accept Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's religion. The number of the faithful
people who could protect their true faith and correct madhhab decreased
greatly, as it was in the deserts.
"Sharif Ghalib Effendi,
seeing the dismal situation and apprehending that Islam would be annihilated
also in the Hijaz and the blessed cities as it had in the Arabian deserts,
sent a message to Sa'ud, saying, 'You cannot resist the Ottoman army that
will be sent from Istanbul if you stay in Mecca after the season of the
pilgrimage. You will be captured and killed. Do not stay in Mecca after
the pilgrimage, go away!' This message was of no avail but only increased
Sa'ud's ferocity and cruelty in torturing Muslims.
"During this period
of tyranny and torture, Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz asked an alim of Ahl as-Sunnat,
'Is Hadrat Muhammad ('alaihi 's-salam) alive in his grave? Or is he dead
like every dead person as we believe he is?' The alim said, 'He is alive
with a life which we cannot comprehend.' Sa'ud asked him this question
because he expected such an answer on account of which he would easily
torture him to death. 'Then, show us that the Prophet is alive in his grave
so that we may believe you. It will be understood that you are obstinate
in refusing my religion if you answer incongruously, and I will kill you,'
said Sa'ud. 'I shall not try to convince you by showing something unrelated
to the subject. Let's go to al-Madinat al-Munawwara together and stand
in front of the Muwajahat as-Saada. I shall greet him. If he returns my
greeting, you will see that our master Rasulullah is alive in his blessed
grave and that he hears and answers those who greet him. If we get no answer
to my greeting, it will be understood that I am a liar. Then you may punish
me in any way you wish,' answered the alim of Ahl as-Sunnat. Sa'ud got
very angry at this answer but let him go, for he would have become a disbeliever
or polytheist according to his own beliefs if he had done as the alim proposed.
He was stupefied for he was not learned enough to make any rejoinder to
this answer. He set the alim free so that he might not be disreputed. However,
he ordered one soldier to kill him and to immediately let him know when
he was killed. But the Wahhabi soldier, by the Grace of Allah, could not
find an opportunity to attain his goal. This terrible news reached the
ear of that mujahid scholar, who then migrated away from Mecca thinking
that it would not be good for him to stay in Mecca any longer.
"Sa'ud sent an assassin
after the mujahid when he heard of his departure. The assassin traveled
day and night, thinking that he would kill one belonging to Ahl as-sunnat
and win much thawab. He caught up with the mujahid but saw that he had
died a normal death shortly before he reached him. He tethered the mujahid's
camel to a tree and went to a well for water. When he returned, he found
that the corpse was gone and only the camel was there. He went back to
Sa'ud and told him what had happened. 'Oh, yes!' Sa'ud said, 'I dreamt
of that person ascending to the heavens among voices of dhikr and tasbih.
People with shining faces said that the corpse was his (the mujahid's)
and was being raised up to the heavens because of his correct belief in
the Last Prophet (sall-Allahu ta'ala 'alaihi wa sallam).' Thereupon, the
Wahhabi said, 'You sent me to murder such a blessed person! And now you
do not correct your corrupt belief although you see Allahu ta'ala's favor
on him!' and swore at Sa'ud. He repented. Sa'ud did not even listen to
the man. He appointed 'Uthman al-Mudayiqi to be the governor of Mecca and
went back do Dar'iyya.
"Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz
lived in Dar'iyya. He captured the blessed city of Medina, too. Later,
he set out for Mecca with those who wanted to go on pilgrimage and those
who were able to talk well. Men of religious attire who were to praise
and disseminate Wahhabism went ahead. They started reading and explaining
the book written by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca
on Friday the 7th of Muharram, 1221 (1806). The 'ulama' of Ahl as-Sunnat
refuted them. [For details, see Saif al-Jabbar, a collection of the Meccan
ulama's refutations of Wahhabism, later printed in Pakistan; reprint in
Istanbul in 1395 (1975).] Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz arrived ten days later.
He settled in Sharif Ghalib Effendi's mansion at Mu'alla Square. He put
a part of the cover he wore on Sharif Ghalib Effendi as a demonstration
of friendship. And Sharif Ghalib Effendi showed friendship towards him.
They went together to Masjid al-Haram and performed tawaf around the Magnificent
Kaba together.
"Meanwhile, the news
came that a caravan of Damascene pilgrims was coming towards Mecca. Sa'ud
sent Masud ibn Mudayiqi to meet the caravan and tell them that they would
not be allowed into Mecca. Masud met the caravan and said, 'You disregarded
the previous agreement. Sa'ud ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz had sent you an order with
Salih ibn Salih that you should not come with soldiers. But you come with
soldiers! You cannot enter Mecca, for you have not obeyed the order.' The
leader of the caravan, 'Abdullah Pasha, sent Yusuf Pasha to Sa'ud to ask
his forgiveness and permission. Sa'ud said, 'Oh Pasha! I would kill all
of you if I did not fear Allah. Bring me the sacks of gold coins which
you intend to distribute to the people of the Haramain and Arab villagers,
and immediately go back! I forbid you the pilgrimage this year!' Yusuf
Pasha surrendered to him the sacks of gold and turned back.
"The news that the
Damascene caravan was prevented from carrying out the pilgrimage spread
as a terrible shock among the Muslim world. Meccan Muslims wept and lamented
for they thought that they, too, were forbidden to got to 'Arafat. The
following day they were given permission to go to 'Arafat, but were forbidden
to go on mahfas or camel-palanquins. Everybody, even judges and 'ulama',
went to 'Arafat on donkey or camel. Instead of the Qadi of Mecca, a Wahhabi
delivered the khutba at 'Arafat. They returned to Mecca after carrying
out the acts necessary to the pilgrimage.
"Sa'ud dismissed
the Qadi of Mecca, Khatib-zada Muhammad Effendi, from service upon his
arrival to Mecca and appointed a Wahhabi named 'Abd ar-Rahman as the Qadi.
'Abd ar-Rahman summoned Muhammad Effendi, Su'ada Effendi, the mullah (chief
judge) of Medina, and 'Atai Effendi, the Naqib (representative of the Sharifs
in Mecca) of the blessed city of Mecca, and made them sit on the felt on
the floor. He told them to pay homage to Sa'ud. These 'alims clasped hands
saying, 'La ilaha illa'llah wahdahu la Sharika lah,' in accord with the
Wahhabite belief and sat down on the floor again. Sa'ud laughed and said,
'I command you and the pilgrims of the Damascene caravan to Salih ibn Salih's
care. Salih is one of my good men. I trust him. I permit you to go to Damascus
on the condition that you will pay 300 kurushes for each mafha -and load-
camel and 150 kurushes for each donkey. It is a great favor for you to
be able to go to Damascus at such a low price. You may go comfortably and
happily under my protection. All pilgrims will travel under these conditions.
And this is a justice of mine. I wrote a letter to the Ottoman Sultan,
Hadrat Salim Khan III [rahmat-Allahi 'alaih]. I asked that it be forbidden
to build domes on graves, to make sacrifice for the dead and to pray through
them.'
"Sa'ud stayed in
Mecca for four years. Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, the Governor of Egypt, came
to Jidda in 1227 A.H. (1812) upon the order of the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud-i
'Adli (rahmat-Allahi 'alaihima). The Egyptian forces he sent from Jidda
and Medina jointly drove Sa'ud out from Mecca after a bloody battle."
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